2022-02-21
Tham, Jason Chew Kit. Design thinking in technical communication: Solving problems through making and collaboration. Routledge, 2021.
P4：
According to Rittel and Webber, wicked problems share the following characteristics:
They do not have a definitive formulation.
They do not have a “stopping rule.” In other words, these problems lack an inherent logic that signals when they are solved.
Their solutions are not true or false, only good or bad.
There is no way to test the solution to a wicked problem.
They cannot be studied through trial and error. Their solutions are irreversible so, as Rittel and Webber put it, “every trial counts.”
There is no end to the number of solutions or approaches to a wicked problem.
All wicked problems are essentially unique.
Wicked problems can always be described as the symptom of other problems.
The way a wicked problem is described determines its possible solutions.
Planners, that is those who present solutions to these problems, have no right to be wrong. Unlike mathematicians, “planners are liable for the consequences of the solutions they generate; the effects can matter a great deal to the people who are touched by those actions.
根据 Rittel 和 Webber 的说法，棘手问题具有以下特征：
它们没有明确的表述。
他们没有“停止规则”。换句话说，这些问题缺乏一种内在的逻辑，当它们被解决时会发出信号。
他们的解决方案没有真假，只有好坏。
没有办法测试一个棘手问题的解决方案。
它们不能通过反复试验来研究。他们的解决方案是不可逆转的，因此，正如 Rittel 和 Webber 所说，“每一次试验都很重要”。
一个棘手问题的解决方案或方法的数量是无穷无尽的。
所有棘手的问题本质上都是独一无二的。
糟糕的问题总是可以被描述为其他问题的征兆。
描述棘手问题的方式决定了其可能的解决方案。
规划者，即那些提出解决这些问题的方案的人，没有犯错的权利。与数学家不同，“规划者应对他们产生的解决方案的后果负责；对于那些被这些行为所触动的人来说，这些影响可能非常重要。